Bridge validator threshold (k-of-M)

Evidence summary #

Wormhole: 13-of-19 Guardian super-majority (>67%). Joint 2-of-2 threshold (both Wormhole AND Axelar must attest). Threshold design is strong — simultaneous compromise of both required for exploit.

Detail #

Wormhole requires 13 of 19 Guardians for VAA validity. Axelar requires PoS majority. EndpointManager requires 2-of-2 (both attestations) before any mint/burn. This multi-vendor 2-of-2 design exceeds simple majority requirement.

Sources #

Methodology #

Read the signature threshold required to approve a cross-chain message (for non-LZ bridges).

See the full factor methodology and distribution across all protocols →