★ Single admin EOA
USDD (Decentralized USD)'s assessment for RD-F-027 — scored red on the v1.7.0 rubric. The evidence below is the curator's reasoning for this score.
Evidence summary #
[STAR CRITICAL] Effective unilateral admin control demonstrated by Aug-2024 unilateral removal of ~12,000 BTC (~$726M) from reserves without DAO vote — contract-independent evidence of single-entity control. No on-chain enforced multisig requirement confirmed. Canonical Ethereum ERC-20 (0x4f8e5de400de08b164e7421b3ee387f461becd1a, source-verified) uses wards system: rely() grants mint authority with no mandatory multi-party gate. TRON admin on-chain unobtainable (Tronscan 403) but unilateral reserve action confirms effective single-entity control. Red independent of contract-identity dispute.
Sources #
- URLJustin Sun responds after USDD stablecoin removes BitcoinDL News — Justin Sun responds after USDD stablecoin removes Bitcoinretrieved 2026-05-17
- USDD Canonical Ethereum ERC-20 (verified, 5,863 holders) — wards-based mint authorityEtherscan verified source 0x4f8e5de400de08b164e7421b3ee387f461becd1a (canonical ETH ERC-20, Exact Match, 5,863 holders) — wards system, rely() grants mint with no multisig gateretrieved 2026-05-17
- Justin Sun's USDD removes 12,000 BTC without DAO approvalProtos — Justin Sun USDD removes 12,000 BTC without DAO approval (Aug 2024)retrieved 2026-05-17
Methodology #
Determine whether the effective upgrade/owner/rescue role is held by a single EOA (not a multisig) with no timelock on sensitive operations.
See the full factor methodology and distribution across all protocols →